In: Soil Ecology Research Developments ISBN 978-1-60021-971-9
Editors: Tian-Xiao Liu, pp.
© 2007 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Expert Commentary
SOIL CHARCOALAMENDMENTS MAINTAIN SOIL
FERTILITY AND ESTABLISH A CARBON SINK
– RESEARCH AND PROSPECTS
Christoph Steiner1
Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of...
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In: Soil Ecology Research Developments ISBN 978-1-60021-971-9 Editors: Tian-Xiao Liu, pp. © 2007 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Expert Commentary SOIL CHARCOALAMENDMENTS MAINTAIN SOIL FERTILITY AND ESTABLISH A CARBON SINK – RESEARCH AND PROSPECTS Christoph Steiner1 Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany CHARCOAL AS SOIL AMENDMENT Sustaining soil fertility is a major agricultural constraint in the Amazon Basin (Tiessen, et al. , 1994), thus shifting cultivation accompanied with slash and burn agriculture is the prevailing agricultural practice in the humid tropics. In addition to the predominant and unproductive Ferralsols and Acrilols, an exceptional dark soil is well known by the indigenous people and colonists for its sustained soil fertility. According to its dark color and origin ,the soil was termed Terra Preta de Indio. Smith (1879) and Katzer (1903) were among the first who described the Terra Preta’s properties and pres
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Set #1 – Technical Factsheets - DRAFT
Forum sur les changements climatiques
Climate Change Forum
Biochar – A Strategy to Adapt/Mitigate Climate Change?
Biochar is presented by some institutions, such as the UNCCD Secretariat, as a promising
technology for reducing emissions from agriculture and energy supply in rural areas, while...
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Set #1 – Technical Factsheets - DRAFT Forum sur les changements climatiques Climate Change Forum Biochar – A Strategy to Adapt/Mitigate Climate Change? Biochar is presented by some institutions, such as the UNCCD Secretariat, as a promising technology for reducing emissions from agriculture and energy supply in rural areas, while at the same time improving soil properties. This note examines the potential of its use in the context of the NENA region. Biochar is a by-product of a cellulosic matter thermal treatment under an/low-oxygenic regime (Pyrolisis, Gasification or Hydrothermal Carbonization). The combustion process releases gas or oil that can be used for energy or heat supply, leaving about 25 percent of the carbon content under a non bio-degradable structure, the Biochar. Incorporated into the soil, it can remain under this stable form for hundreds to thousands of years. The feedstock should be from biomass waste material such as field residues and processing residues (nut
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BIOCHAR can be produced by pyrolysis or gasification systems.
PYROLYSIS systems produce biochar by baking biomass largely
in the absence of oxygen.
The process can become self-sustaining as the syngas produced is combusted, releasing heat.
There
are two types of pyrolysis systems in use today: fast pyrolysis
and slow pyrolysis....
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BIOCHAR can be produced by pyrolysis or gasification systems. PYROLYSIS systems produce biochar by baking biomass largely in the absence of oxygen. The process can become self-sustaining as the syngas produced is combusted, releasing heat. There are two types of pyrolysis systems in use today: fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis tends to produce more oils and liquids while slow pyrolysis produces more syngas. Biochar production is optimized in the absence of oxygen. GASIFICATION systems produce smaller quantities of biochar in a directly-heated reaction vessel with air introduced. Gasification and pyrolysis production systems can be developed as mobile or stationary units. Small scale gasification and pyrolysis systems that can be used on farm or by small industries are commercially available with biomass inputs of 50 kg/hr to 1,000 kg/hr. At the local or regional level, pyrolysis and gasification units can be operated by co-operatives or larger industries, and have
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Johannes Lehmann
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Cornell University
Biochar Systems Science:
Climate Change Mitigation with
Multiple Sustainability Outcomes?
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BIOCHAR can be produced by pyrolysis or gasification systems.
PYROLYSIS systems produce biochar by baking biomass largely
in the absence of oxygen.
The process can become self-sustaining as the syngas produced is combusted, releasing heat.
There
are two types of pyrolysis systems in use today: fast pyrolysis
and slow pyrolysis....
Di più
BIOCHAR can be produced by pyrolysis or gasification systems. PYROLYSIS systems produce biochar by baking biomass largely in the absence of oxygen. The process can become self-sustaining as the syngas produced is combusted, releasing heat. There are two types of pyrolysis systems in use today: fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis tends to produce more oils and liquids while slow pyrolysis produces more syngas. Biochar production is optimized in the absence of oxygen. GASIFICATION systems produce smaller quantities of biochar in a directly-heated reaction vessel with air introduced. Gasification and pyrolysis production systems can be developed as mobile or stationary units. Small scale gasification and pyrolysis systems that can be used on farm or by small industries are commercially available with biomass inputs of 50 kg/hr to 1,000 kg/hr. At the local or regional level, pyrolysis and gasification units can be operated by co-operatives or larger industries, and have
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Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2009A828
Biochar application in Tamil Nadu
and the global food crisis
UTRA MANKASINGH
1
, POON-CHUNG CHOI
1
AND VALA RAGNARSDOTTIR
2
1
Dept.
of Earth Sciences, Univ.
of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ,
UK (*correspondence: Utra.
Mankasingh@bristol.
ac.
uk)
2
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences,...
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Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2009A828 Biochar application in Tamil Nadu and the global food crisis UTRA MANKASINGH 1 , POON-CHUNG CHOI 1 AND VALA RAGNARSDOTTIR 2 1 Dept. of Earth Sciences, Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK (*correspondence: Utra. Mankasingh@bristol. ac. uk) 2 School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Univ. of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (vala@hi. is) The global food crisis is affecting Tamil Nadu, Southern India because of soil degradation and increased prices of fertilisers and pesticides. The plot-scale evaluation of biochar application to the agricultural soils is presented here to investigate its potential in improving soil fertility and crop yield. Biochar is an excellent soil amendment for sequestering carbon, for increasing organic carbon and water retention as well as providing habitat for microbes. Biochar also adds some macro- (P, K, N, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) which are needed for sustainable agriculture. Twelve soil plot
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Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils
B.
Liang, J.
Lehmann,* D.
Solomon, J.
Kinyangi, J.
Grossman, B.
O’Neill, J.
O.
Skjemstad, J.
Thies, F.
J.
Luiza˜o,
J.
Petersen, and E.
G.
Neves
In Memory of James Petersen
Dr.
James Petersen was killed during an armed robbery while
doing research near Manaus,...
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Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils B. Liang, J. Lehmann,* D. Solomon, J. Kinyangi, J. Grossman, B. O’Neill, J. O. Skjemstad, J. Thies, F. J. Luiza˜o, J. Petersen, and E. G. Neves In Memory of James Petersen Dr. James Petersen was killed during an armed robbery while doing research near Manaus, Brazil, on 13 Aug. 2005. Dr. Petersen was associate professor and chair of the Anthropology Department at University of Vermont. We will miss him as a valued colleague and good friend. ABSTRACT Black Carbon (BC) may significantly affect nutrient retention and play a key role in a wide range of biogeochemical processes in soils, especially for nutrient cycling. Anthrosols from the Brazilian Amazon (ages between 600 and 8700 yr BP) with high contents of biomassderived BC had greater potential cation exchange capacity (CEC measured at pH 7) per unit organic C than adjacent soils with low BC contents. Synchrotron-based near edge X-ray absorption fine struct
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Plant and Soil 249: 343–357, 2003.
© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Printed in the Netherlands.
343
Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a
Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal
amendments
Johannes Lehmann1,2,4, Jose Pereira da Silva Jr.
3, Christoph Steiner2,...
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Plant and Soil 249: 343–357, 2003. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 343 Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments Johannes Lehmann1,2,4, Jose Pereira da Silva Jr. 3, Christoph Steiner2, Thomas Nehls2, Wolfgang Zech2 & Bruno Glaser2 1College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 909 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. 2Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany. 3Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, C. P. 319, 69011-970 Manaus, Brazil. 4Corresponding author∗ Received 27 February 2002. Accepted in revised form 4 October 2002 Key words: charcoal, nutrient leaching, organic fertilizer, Terra Preta de Indio Abstract Soil fertility and leaching losses of nutrients were compared between a Fimic Anthrosol and a Xanthic Ferralsol from Central Amazônia
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Biochar; Our Previous Research Outputs
Yoshiyuki Shinogi*
, Koji Kameyama, and Chen Yan
National Institute for Rural Engineering (NIRE)
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
2-1-6 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8609 Japan
Tel: +81-29-7552 Fax: +81-29-7553 E-mail: yshinogi@affrc.
go.
jp
Abstract
We have been...
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Biochar; Our Previous Research Outputs Yoshiyuki Shinogi* , Koji Kameyama, and Chen Yan National Institute for Rural Engineering (NIRE) National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2-1-6 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8609 Japan Tel: +81-29-7552 Fax: +81-29-7553 E-mail: yshinogi@affrc. go. jp Abstract We have been carrying out many kinds of research on bio-char for about 10 years. At first, we studied biomass pyrolysis technologies and their use. We found that chars from sewage and cattle manure contain phosphorous and potassium respectively as citric type which are easily absorbed by crop. And it is possible to reduce the application amount of chemical fertilizer. Simultaneously, a pilot-scale pyrolysis instrument was made which facilitates activation, temperature control and singas recycling. It attributes lower maintenance cost and environmental friendly. High absorbent function-char from sewage sludge was manufactured. It has an excellent absorption function o
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Impact of Bio-Char on Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Nicholas C.
Vanderslice and Thomas R.
Marrero
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri 65211
Abstract
A review.
A study of Terra Preta do Indio and bio-char was conducted to determine the technical
feasibility of their use in sequestering...
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Impact of Bio-Char on Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Nicholas C. Vanderslice and Thomas R. Marrero Department of Chemical Engineering University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65211 Abstract A review. A study of Terra Preta do Indio and bio-char was conducted to determine the technical feasibility of their use in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide as a summer undergraduate project for Dr. Tom R. Marrero. Properties of new and old Terra Preta were used. Literature of the last 40 years, including the electronic database SciFinder, was used. The educational component of this project included an assessment of different analytical methods to determine physical and chemical properties of bio-char. Lab tests of the bio-char include determination particle size distribution and elemental composition. The results obtained from literature for the carbon cycle mass balance indicates that 25-50% of carbon dioxide captured in biomass can be converted to solid bio-char or Terra Preta
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PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Free, Helen F.
]
On: 3 April 2010
Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 920609922]
Publisher Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 3741 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK...
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PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE This article was downloaded by: [Free, Helen F. ] On: 3 April 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 920609922] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 3741 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www. informaworld. com/smpp/title~content=t918982739 The effect of biochars on maize (Zea mays) germination HF Free a ; CR McGill a ; JS Rowarth a ;MJ Hedley a a New Zealand Biochar Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Online publication date: 31 March 2010 To cite this Article Free, HF , McGill, CR , Rowarth, JS andHedley, MJ(2010) The effect of biochars on maize (Zea mays) germination , New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 53: 1, 1 — 4 To link to this Article: DOI: 10. 1080/002882
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Biochar’s History as an Ancient Soil Amendment – Biochar is a form of charcoal produced
from super-heating biomass.
It is found naturally in soils around the world as a result of
vegetation fires.
Biochar has also been created and used by humans in traditional agricultural practices in the Amazon Basin of South America for more...
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Biochar’s History as an Ancient Soil Amendment – Biochar is a form of charcoal produced from super-heating biomass. It is found naturally in soils around the world as a result of vegetation fires. Biochar has also been created and used by humans in traditional agricultural practices in the Amazon Basin of South America for more than 2,500 years. Dark, charcoal-rich soil (known as terra preta or black earth) supported productive farms in areas that previously had poor, and in some places toxic, soils. Terra preta was discovered in the 1950’s by Dutch soil scientist Wim Sombroek in the Amazon rainforest. Terra preta still covers 10% of the Amazon Basin. Similar sites have been found in Ecuador, Peru, Benin and Liberia in West Africa. Typically, jungle soils are very unproductive. After mixing biochar into the topsoil, the soil was able to retain vital organic matter, plant nutrients and moisture essential for plant growth. This practice allowed annual cultivation of the same fie
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NZ BIOCHAR NETWORK NEWSLETTER
April 2009
In this Issue
• Welcome
• News
• International
Conferences
Welcome
Welcome to the first edition of the NZ Biochar Network
newsletter.
The network is initially being funded by industry
sponsors (Carter Holt ...
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NZ BIOCHAR NETWORK NEWSLETTER April 2009 In this Issue • Welcome • News • International Conferences Welcome Welcome to the first edition of the NZ Biochar Network newsletter. The network is initially being funded by industry sponsors (Carter Holt Harvey, Foundation for Arable Research, Lake Taupo Forest Trust, Landcorp, and NZ Forest Owners Association) and the Sustainable Farming Fund and is being administered through the New Zealand Biochar Research Centre (NZBRC) at Massey University. The objectives of the NZ Biochar Network are to: 1. Transfer knowledge on NZ biochar research and technology developments and relevant international research to NZ stakeholders with a focus on the application of biochar to reduce GHG emissions. 2. Provide a mechanism to discuss biochar issues and stakeholder needs with regard to the operational application of biochar. There has been an increasing amount of activity in bio
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Paper II.
3
BIOCHAR: A WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA
AND THE WORLD
Robert Whitfield,
Action for a Global Climate Community
1.
Introduction
Biochar can sequester massive amounts of carbon in the soil for hundreds to
thousands of yearsi
.
It has the potential to be an efficient carbon sink whilst providing
strong co-benefits.
Pre-Columbian...
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Paper II. 3 BIOCHAR: A WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA AND THE WORLD Robert Whitfield, Action for a Global Climate Community 1. Introduction Biochar can sequester massive amounts of carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of yearsi . It has the potential to be an efficient carbon sink whilst providing strong co-benefits. Pre-Columbian Amazonian Indians used it to enhance soil productivity and made it by smouldering agricultural waste. They called it “Terra Preta de Indio. ” Its modern equivalent is being developed using pyrolysis to heat biomass in the absence of oxygen. Modern biochar production can be combined with biofuel production in a process that is energy positive - producing 3-9 times more energy than invested, and carbonnegativeii - withdrawing CO2 from the atmosphere and rebuilding geological carbon sinks. With temperature thresholds, or “tipping points”, as close as ten years away for abrupt and irreversible climate changes, including catastrophic sea-level rise, the need
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Developments in the Preparation
and Use of Bio‐Char
Ray Chrisman, University of
Washington, USA
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26 Rice Today April-June 2007 27Rice Today April-June 2007
I
n the 1870s, scientists exploring
Amazonia in South America
made an unusual discovery.
Working independently, James
Orton, Charles Hartt, and Herbert
Smith described patches of black
or dark brown soils, varying in size
from 5 to more than 300 hectares,
within a landscape...
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26 Rice Today April-June 2007 27Rice Today April-June 2007 I n the 1870s, scientists exploring Amazonia in South America made an unusual discovery. Working independently, James Orton, Charles Hartt, and Herbert Smith described patches of black or dark brown soils, varying in size from 5 to more than 300 hectares, within a landscape otherwise typified by highly weathered reddish or bleached soils. A detailed report from Smith, a geologist, characterized these “dark earths in Amazonia” as having a top-layer of a fine, dark loam, up to 60 centimeters thick. He also described them as the best soils of the Amazon, producing much higher crop yields than surrounding soils, and speculated that they owed their fertility “to the refuse of a thousand kitchens for maybe a thousand years. ” That they were human-made was indicated by the abundance of fragments of Indian pottery that “cover the ground . . . like shells on a surf-washed beach. ” Despite the unusual nature of these findings, they init
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> Concept diagram of low-temperature pyroysis bioenergy with biochar sequestration.
Typically, about 50% of the pyrolysed
biomass is converted into biochar and can be returned to the soil.
Johannes Lehman
Bio-char Bio-energy Lifecycle
(C) 50%
(C) 50%
Returned to soil
as Bio-char
Bio-fuel
- bio-oil
- hydrogen
Industry
Biomass
-...
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> Concept diagram of low-temperature pyroysis bioenergy with biochar sequestration. Typically, about 50% of the pyrolysed biomass is converted into biochar and can be returned to the soil. Johannes Lehman Bio-char Bio-energy Lifecycle (C) 50% (C) 50% Returned to soil as Bio-char Bio-fuel - bio-oil - hydrogen Industry Biomass - manure - organic wastes - bioenergy crops (grasses,willows) - crop residues Transport Energy Coproducts (oil, cosmetics)(C) 100% Optionally, N2 , NOx , SOx , CO2 can be added to increase C sink and nutrient contents Pyrolysis Residual heat CSIRO Land and Water Biochar Biochar has been attracting growing interest due to its potential in carbon sequestration and in improving soil health. However, further research needs to be undertaken to answer numerous questions about its properties and the benefits associated with its production and application. What is biochar? Biochar is a type of charcoal which results from the thermal treatment (heating) of natural organ
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